Violence Is An Appropriate Response To Racism :: essays research papers

Savagery is an Appropriate Response to Racism I feel that this statment is negative, as it gives the feeling that savagery is the best way to understand things, and it is not.People need to talk about issues that worry them with the individuals that are causing the worries, doing this wil make managing the issue of bigotry simpler. The adage 'two wrongs don't make a right' is an extremely suitable sayingto use in the issue of prejudice since bigotry towards individuals isn't right as is savagery. At the point when one puts the two together, to manage each other,it doesn't make the circumstance right. Truth be told, it will exacerbate the situatin in light of the fact that it will cause hatred between the supremacist and the person in question. There is a statement in the good book, Matthew 5 38- 39 where Jesus talks about vengeance. It peruses, "You have heard that it was stated, tit for tat and a tooth for a tooth. Be that as it may, presently I let you know don't take vengeance on somebody who wrongs you. On the off chance that somebody slaps you on the correct cheek, let him slap your left cheek too." What this implies is, on the off chance that somebody harms once, don't react in a vicious way, love instead of lashing out and let them do it once more. It shows that Jesus was against savagery. Gandhi said something comparative: 'An eye for an eye and we will all be visually impaired'. Gandi implied that so mang individuals hurt others that they would wind up truly hurt. Put this instructing into practice, in the event that somebody harms you once let them do it a secong time is the message here. The opposite side to this announcement is to concur that racists ought to be managed with in a fierce manner. In some resects, this is right in such a case that individuals have the attitude to be bigot towards someone else, they should be rebuffed, and in the event that savagery fits this kind of rebuff mentment. Individuals, whatever race they are need to decision to choose where they live. They have the right to feel good in their home regardless of whether it isn't the place most of their race lives. Nobody has the option to talk seriously about another human due to the shade of their skin. They need brutality to give them prejudice is out of line. Prejudice is somthing very individual to individuals as it shows what they put stock in Some individuals like to bargain with it in a vicious way, and others lean toward ot manage it in an increasingly unpretentious way, for instance a discusion.

Writing effective marketing materials, Medtech Business - Emphasis

Composing powerful advertising materials, Medtech Business Composing powerful advertising materials, Medtech Business Clinical advancements may cross language obstructions, however words are the structure squares of an advertising message. Deny Ashton of Emphasis clarifies how acing composing aptitudes can assist you with focusing on and impact the ideal individuals. Your organization has made an energizing clinical development. Lets state its another innovation that replaces defective heart valves without the requirement for open-heart medical procedure. Its been protected and is prepared to surprise the world. Not exclusively will it spare lives, over the long haul it will likewise spare medical clinics extensive time and cash. The innovation might be great, yet persuading the pertinent leaders to purchase the item is actually quite difficult. As you probably are aware, human services is a quick moving zone and your development will be battling for consideration with the scores of new items, strategies and studies discharged each day. Your business group will advance the advantages of the item in deals introductions and balanced gatherings. You can prepare by making convincing advertising materials that will create intrigue even energy before those gatherings happen. However, basically making such material accessible wont ensure that your message is heard. Most administrators have a pile of reports, letters and messages to swim through every day. Perusing a flyer or letter on another heart medical procedure innovation might be the most insignificant part of their needs. That is the reason your showcasing materials should be painstakingly made. They should be written in language that prompts your peruser to make a move. An amazing, elegantly composed record can make even the most harried chiefs pay attention. It can persuade them that they need your item. Be that as it may, it must address their requirements, not yours. How might you compose advertising materials that will truly get your items took note? Do the preparation Regardless of whether youre composing a flyer, a banner or web content, you have to get ready. Research your market completely before you start and ensure you see all the difficulties your possibilities face. A nursing home will have various necessities from a NHS medical clinic, for instance. So maintain a strategic distance from a one size fits all way to deal with your promoting. Maintain your attention on the peruser by asking yourself the accompanying inquiries: What is the record about? Who will understand it? What amount do they definitely think about the subject? What do they totally need to know? How significant is the dependent upon them? How intrigued would they say they are in the subject? (Note that perusers arent consistently keen on whats critical to them. So you frequently need to make them intrigued.) At that point snatch a pen and paper and conceptualize all the manners in which that your item can assist with meeting your possibilities challenges. Utilize the headings Who? What? Where? When? furthermore, Why? to support this procedure. At that point utilize the data to compose a lot of ground-breaking reasons why they should purchase your item. Capture the peruser The seven stages beneath will assist you with writing viable pamphlets, banners, direct mail advertisements and web content. Make a smart feature Eye-checking investigations of site clients by examine body Eyetrack III have indicated that individuals read just the initial two expressions of a feature and overlook the early on areas. So it is basic to make a convincing explanation that will persuade individuals to peruse on. For instance, a feature that peruses Hospitals increase 20 additional beds seven days through nanotechnology is striking a direct result of the initial two words: medical clinics are normally stuffed, so this acquaints an answer with a recognizable issue. Discover an edge Generate more enthusiasm by including realities and insights that identify with the issues looked by your crowd. Offer to their rationale and clarify how your item has any kind of effect. For instance, you could compose: The new nanotechnology implies patients invest 40% less energy convalescing. Do what needs to be done The Eyetrack III research likewise uncovered that just one of every six individuals really read sites sentence by sentence. Naomi Baron, a phonetics educator at the American University in Washington DC, calls this the inquiry and hold onto approach. Expecting that your perusers will treat every one of your archives like this will assist you with creating clear composed work. So incorporate bunches of visual cues and subheadings and utilize significant words that your perusers will be searching for. Make your composition as basic as could reasonably be expected, yet dont be hesitant to utilize language if youre certain your perusers will get it. Language can really assist with building compatibility yet its a fine harmony among that and estranging a few perusers. Be dynamic Use the dynamic voice where conceivable. For example, think of You should see a distinction in three days as opposed to A distinction inside three days can be normal. Give evidence Boost your validity by utilizing tributes or supports where driving specialists have spoken about the innovation. Offer a following stage Make sure you guide the peruser next. In a letter, you may approach them to call you for more data. Or then again a handout may guide them to your site. Keep it basic Always pick basic words over entangled ones. Furthermore, in the event that you cannot state a sentence across the board breath, the odds are that its excessively long. Focus on a limit of 1520 words for every sentence. Mail dominance As indicated by an Emphasis review of 200 organizations in the UK, ranking directors state that at any rate a fifth of the messages they get are ineffectively composed. So make sure to take as much consideration over your messages as you do with your other promoting materials. The initial step is to make an engaging title. For example, Follow-up records from 20 March meeting might be exact however on the off chance that your email is intended to advertise an item, you should be inventive. Five different ways clinics can spare 50 minutes daily ought to be sufficiently captivating to convince an administrator to open your email. Structure your email by following the SCRAP recipe: Circumstance Start by clarifying the circumstance (where they are). Entanglement Introduce the possibility that theres an issue (why they cannot remain there) they have to comprehend or a solicitation they have to satisfy. Goals State how you can resolve the issue or solicitation. Its feasible that your peruser will be happy to see a down to earth, thought about arrangement, whatever it is. Activity Suggest what activity the peruser can or should take. Pleasantness End with an obliging close down. Following this equation will assist your perusers with understanding your message unmistakably. (You can apply similar standards to your subsequent letters.) It tends to be hard to peruse protracted reports on a PC. So if your message wont fit on one screen, utilize a connection for the subtleties. You can make the message simpler to peruse by including subheadings. Be that as it may, take additional consideration with messages. Recollect that its extremely simple for them to become a web sensation. So just compose what you dont mind having communicated on the 10 OClock News. Hot news Having news reports or highlights show up in papers and magazines is a phenomenal method to manufacture believability with the individuals you need to impact. Official statements are the standard arrangement for sending writers news. However, with such a large number of available for use, it very well may be hard to get yours taken note. Columnists are additionally beginning to nibble back against discharges that are inadequately composed, superfluous to their requirements or minimal more than not so subtle attempts to sell something. How would you get your public statement to the highest point of the heap? The mystery is to give writers precisely what they need: a report. The feature is the most significant piece of your record. Public statements can be successful in the event that you attach the feature to a topical occasion. For example, Medical programming helps Haiti seismic tremor casualties is convincing in light of the fact that it attaches the innovation to a significant worldwide wellbeing emergency. Furthermore, it presents a reasonable edge that makes individuals need to peruse on. Next, express the realities of the story. Get to the great stuff straight away, as writers wont have the opportunity to swim through foundation data. Attempt to place the word today in the main sentence to show that its news. For instance, you could compose: Doctors executed a patient database today in Haiti. In the event that you cannot state today, at that point utilize the current flawless tense (Doctors have spared) instead of the past tense (Doctors spared) where conceivable, as the previous suggests something closer to the occasion. In the wake of utilizing the current impeccable tense, utilize the future tense to show that you have your finger on the beat. So you could compose: Doctors will presently have the option to follow quiet advancement 75% quicker than previously. Utilizing figures along these lines is exceptionally viable. Be that as it may, where conceivable, additionally remember individuals for your archive. So choose One out of four individuals will profit instead of 25% will profit. At long last, return to your first sentence and ask yourself: So what? On the off chance that you cannot answer that, your message isnt sufficiently convincing. Refine your record until youre persuaded that its news that can't be overlooked. Consider composing showcasing material as a speculation. Dont be dispirited if a battle doesnt promptly strike gold. Continue dealing with your composing style and intend to make it as punchy as could reasonably be expected. The more you practice, the more youll have the option to compose your approach to advertising achievement. Ransack Ashton is Chief Executive of Emphasis, the authority business-composing coaches.

Business Plan Executive Summary Example

Business Plan Executive Summary Example If you take a look at any business plan, the first section you will come across is the executive summary. The executive summary essentially provides an overview of the rest of the document.It summarizes the contents of the business plan for readers, giving them a glimpse of what they should expect to find within the business plan and thereby helping them save time.Because of this, the executive summary should be clear and concise, and interesting enough to entice the reader to dive deeper into the business plan.Since it provides the reader with a glimpse of the rest of the business plan, the executive summary is often regarded as the most important section of a business plan.If the executive summary fails in its purpose of capturing the reader’s attention, the reader will set aside the business plan without reading the rest of it. This would be a very great disadvantage, especially if the purpose of the business plan was to help you raise capital to start your business.Considering that it is an overview of the rest of the business plan, the executive summary is typically the last section of the business plan to be written. Writing it last is also a lot easier. You can easily come up with an executive summary by simply reviewing and creating a summary of each section of your business plan.Like I mentioned before, the executive summary is meant to save time for the reader, therefore it should be brief â€" typically, an executive summary does not exceed 2 pages.The executive summary should end with a closing sentence or two aimed at showing the reader why the proposed business is a winning business.Given that it is easier to learn how to do something by looking at example, below is a sample business plan executive summary that you can use as a guide as you write one for your business plan.In the example, we are going to use a fictitious business named Pronto Lounge and Restaurant. SECTION 1: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY FOR PRONTO LOUNGE AND RESTAURANT1.1 IntroductionThe f uture looks promising for Queens Borough in Manhattan, particularly the Bay Terrace Neighborhood. Already, there are a number of high end commercial and residential developments coming up in the neighborhood. The development of a state of the art mixed use estate in the nearby Bayside neighborhood is also well underway.Combined, these new developments will add over 150,000 sq. feet of commercial space and over 1000 residential units. The residential units will be sold at prices in the range of $200,000 to $500,000, while rents for the units will range from $1000 to $2500 per month. The completion of these developments will provide the Bay Terrace neighborhood with a year-round economy.While the completion of these developments will increase the population within the neighborhood and stimulate the expansion of the economy, the area does not have a warm and friendly place where residents and visitors can enjoy some fine food. Pronto Lounge and Restaurant will provide such a place.Pron to Lounge and Restaurant will be a fine-dining restaurant with a capacity of 50 seats and a lounge with a 20 seat capacity. The lounge and restaurant will focus on offering an American-Italian menu, with a little Moroccan influence.The lounge and restaurant will be located in the booming Bay Terrace area in Queens, Manhattan, overlooking the ocean and Fort Totten Park along Cross Island parkway.Pronto Lounge and Restaurant will have an elegant lounge and a cozy dining room, complete with comfortable furnishings and exquisite décor. The lounge will be fitted with antique love seats and comfortable leather couches.On one corner of the lounge will be a softly lit bar stocked with classical drinks. Pronto Lounge and Restaurant will be the perfect place for people to get a drink or a bite, or for small business meetings.1.2 MissionPronto Lounge and Restaurant will be a great place to eat, offering a combination of excellent food and an interesting, welcoming atmosphere. The mission is t o be New York’s leading restaurant, with the best tasting food and the highest quality of service.We want Pronto Lounge and Restaurant to be the restaurant of choice for all within this area, the young and the old, singles and married couples. Good treatment of our staff will be part of our success, since we believe that employee satisfaction will translate into employees who care deeply about the business and its clients.We want the staff of Pronto Lounge and Restaurant to feel as part of the business and to give their best in ensuring the success of the business. Through a combination of excellent menu variety, great and interesting atmosphere and exceptionally friendly staff, we want to create a lounge and restaurant that will be a great place for clients to eat, a rewarding place for our staff to work, and a profitable business for its owners.1.3 The Service And ProductsThe menu at Pronto Lounge and Restaurant will focus on American-Italian cuisine. It will also offer of few o f the best Moroccan dishes. For those who want to please their palates with an Italian taste, there will be several specialties to choose from, such as pasta carbonara, bruschetta, mushroom risotto, osso buco alla Milanese and ribollita.For those who choose to enjoy American dishes, there will be a wide variety, from Charleston red rice and Hawaiian haystack to Texan barbeque, baked beans, chicken nuggets, coleslaw and lobster rolls.Every day, the menu will feature a single special Moroccan dish, such as Moroccan Seafood Bastilla, tagine, Moroccan mixed salad, eggplant zalouk and chickpea stew. The food at Pronto Lounge and Restaurant will have premium pricing to match its upscale feel. The strategy is to give Pronto Lounge and Restaurant a perception of a high end, fine dining restaurant through its food, price, entertainment and excellent service.Pronto Lounge and Restaurant will be open on all days of the week. The restaurant will be defined by its warm and comfy atmosphere. To c reate such an atmosphere, the restaurant will be painted in warm colors.On the walls will be amazing artwork by some of the world’s best contemporary artists. On each table will be a small vase with fresh flowers. Soft piped music will subtly sooth and entertain our guests. Every week, Pronto Lounge and Restaurant will have a special theme night with the aim of attracting new clients.During summer months, the restaurant will have some extra seating on the patio where clients will get to enjoy a special summer menu. The patio setting will provide tourists with a casual atmosphere to enjoy their meal while taking in the sights of the street.The service offered at Pronto Lounge and Restaurant will be very friendly and very relaxed. The business will hire people with a diploma in hospitality, people we can count on to provide the best service to our clients.In addition, the business will provide continuous training for its staff and keep motivating and encouraging them to ensure they continue providing the best possible service to clients.The management team will be comprised of professionals with several years’ experience in management, hotel and restaurant, food, catering, marketing and finance.1.4 ManagementPronto Lounge and Restaurant has assembled a strong and able management team. The team will be led by Cameron Pryce as the general manager. Pryce has a bachelor’s degree in Hospitality Management and an MBA.He has extensive experience in the hotel and management industry and spent the last five years as the manager at a Las Vegas restaurant that made over $1 million in annual sales.The financial and accounting functions of the business will be overseen by Leslie Montrose, who has over five years’ experience as a certified public accountant.Marketing will be overseen by Frank Shields, who has a marketing degree and has formerly worked with some of the city’s best marketing agencies.Finally, we have Everett Bracket as the senior chef. Chef Bracket ha s over ten years’ experience in the culinary industry. Before agreeing to join the Pronto Lounge and Restaurant team, Bracket was an assistant chef on a private yacht.1.5 Target MarketPronto Lounge and Restaurant will be targeting locals who live and work within Queens Borough and the greater New York and are active restaurant seekers. We will also target the tourists who flock to the many tourist attractions in Queens Borough.We will specifically focus on young to middle aged adults with an income of $30,000 to $60,000 who are looking for excellent food and a great time.The general demographics of our target market are males and females in the 20-50 years age bracket who have at least a college degree and are employed.1.6 Competitive AdvantagesPronto Lounge and Restaurant will differentiate itself from the competition by creating a unique and exciting fine dining atmosphere. The restaurant will be set apart from other restaurants by its unique, well thought out design and its exq uisite décor. Each client dining at Pronto Lounge and Restaurant will enjoy an experience that is unlike anything they’ve experienced before.Pronto Lounge and Restaurant will also set itself apart through its commitment to high product quality, not only in terms of food but also through offering friendly and high quality service.A unique and varied American-Italian menu with a touch of Moroccan influence.Commitment to controlling and minimizing costs at all times.Pronto Lounge and Restaurant will have a special theme night once each week, which will help to attract new and varied clientele to the restaurant.1.7 Financial ProjectionsThe most important thing for us is to ensure financial success for Pronto Lounge and Restaurant. We believe that we can achieve this by offering excellent food to our clients and maintaining a high quality of service.Based on our knowledge and experience in the hotel and restaurant industry, we have come up with projections for the business.Starting wi th an expenditure of $300,000 in the first year, we have forecasted sales of $1,200,000 and $2,000,000 for years two and three. We expect to achieve a net profit of 15% in year three.1.8 Financing RequirementsWe are seeking for an investment of $200,000 which will go towards financing Pronto Lounge and Restaurant’s first-year growth. The founders of Pronto Lounge and Restaurant have already invested $100,000 of our own capital into the business.In exchange for their investment, investors will be given 40% equity in the business.1.9 ObjectivesIn the first three years of operation, the objectives for Pronto Lounge and Restaurant will be:To launch the lounge and restaurant with a highly publicized grand opening event that will coincide with the New Year celebrations.To keep the costs of food under 35% of revenue.To keep the labor costs below 30% of revenue.To maintain a reputation of providing excellent food and high quality service.To keep the average sales of the business between $ 1,000,000 and $2,000,000 every year.To expand our marketing and advertising efforts so as to attract clients from the whole of New York.To achieve over 10% profit for the first two years and increase it to 15% from the third year.There is a lot of competition in the hotel and restaurant business, and restaurateurs must find ways to make their restaurants unique if they want to achieve and maintain a competitive advantage.Pronto Lounge and Restaurant’s founders are well aware of this. With the developments coming up in Bay Terrace and the nearby Bayside neighborhood, the area will need a pace that will fit into its sophisticated and entertaining new look.The developments will also attract a significant population of moneyed adults into the area. Considering that no other restaurant in the area has come up with such a concept, we believe that we have a window of opportunity to enter and fill a profitable niche in the market.There you have it. If you are in the process of writing a b usiness plan for your business, you can use the above example as a guide to help you come up with a clear, concise and interesting executive summary for your business plan.

The Lowell Mill Girls in the 19th Century

The Lowell Mill Girls were female workers in early 19th century America, young women employed in an innovative system of labor in textile mills centered in Lowell, Massachusetts. The employment of women in a factory was  novel to the point of being revolutionary. And the system of labor in the Lowell mills became widely admired because the young women were housed in an environment that was not only safe but reputed to be culturally advantageous. The young women were encouraged to engage in educational pursuits while not working, and they even contributed articles to a magazine, The Lowell Offering.   Lowell System Employed Young Women Francis Cabot Lowell founded the Boston Manufacturing Company, prompted by the increased demand for cloth during the War of 1812. Using the latest technology, he built a factory in Massachusetts which used water power to run machines that processed raw cotton into finished fabric. The factory needed workers, and Lowell wanted to avoid using child labor, which was commonly used in fabric mills in England. The workers did not need to be physically strong, as the work was not strenuous. However, the workers had to be fairly intelligent to master the complicated machinery. The solution was to hire young women. In New England, there were a number of girls who had some education, in that they could read and write. And working in the textile mill seemed like a step up from working on the family farm. Working at a job and earning wages was an innovation in the early decades of the 19th century when many Americans still worked on family farms or at small family businesses. And for young women at the time, it was considered an opportunity to assert some independence from their families despite being paid less than men. The company set up boardinghouses to provide safe places for the women employees to live, and also imposed a strict moral code. Lowell Became Center of Industry Francis Cabot Lowell, the founder of the Boston Manufacturing Company, died in 1817. But his colleagues continued the company  and built a larger and improved mill along the Merrimack River in a town they renamed in Lowells honor. In the 1820s and 1830s, Lowell and its mill girls became fairly famous. In 1834, faced with increased competition in the textile business, the mill cut the workers wages, and the workers responded by forming the Factory Girls Association, an early labor union. The efforts at organized labor were not successful, however. In the late 1830s, the housing rates for the female mill workers were raised, and they attempted to hold a strike, but it did not succeed. They were back on the job within weeks. Mill Girls and Their Cultural Programs The mill girls became known for engaging in cultural programs centered around their boardinghouses. The young women tended to read, and discussions of books were a common pursuit. The women also began publishing The Lowell Offering.  The magazine was published from 1840 to 1845 and sold for six-and-one-fourth cents a copy. It contained poems and autobiographical sketches, which were usually published anonymously, or with the authors identified solely by their initials. The mill owners essentially controlled what appeared in the magazine, so the articles tended to be positive. Yet the magazines very existence was seen as evidence of a positive work environment.   When Charles Dickens, the great Victorian novelist, visited the United States in 1842, he was taken to Lowell to see the factory system. Dickens, who had seen the horrible conditions of British factories up close, was impressed at the conditions of the mills in Lowell. He was also impressed by The Lowell Offering. But one operator, reading of Dickens impressions, responded in The Voice of Industry newspaper, Very pretty picture, but we who work in the factory know the sober reality to be quite another thing altogether. The Lowell Offering ceased publication in 1845 when tensions between the workers and the mill owners increased. Over the last year of publication, the magazine had published material that was not entirely positive, such as an article which pointed out that loud machinery in the mills could damage a workers hearing. When the magazine promoted the cause of a workday shortened to 10 hours, tensions between workers and management became inflamed and the magazine was shut down. Immigration Ended Lowell System In the mid-1840s, the Lowell workers organized the Female Labor Reform Association, which tried to bargain for improved wages. But the Lowell System of Labor was essentially undone by increased immigration to the United States. Instead of hiring local New England girls to work in the mills, the factory owners discovered they could hire newly arrived immigrants. The immigrants, many of whom had come from Ireland, fleeing the Great Famine, were content to find any work at all, even for relatively low wages.

Reflection On Time Management - 881 Words

This piece of reflection will focus on my progress and experiences during my placement in Campbelltown Hospital Medical E ward. I will be using the Gibbs 1988 model of reflection (Gibbs, 1988). This cycle helped me to reflect in a structured and effective way. The subject of this paper will reflect on my time management skills whilst maintaining the necessary standards of practice at all times (NMBA, 2016). During my first and second week of placement, I had some difficulty with my time management. The reason behind this, I found myself taking on too many tasks with little time during the busy peak hours. I was overwhelmed with the amount of things I need to accomplish. These included: Attending to patients’ personal care, administering†¦show more content†¦During my time in the respiratory ward, I found that repetition and experience made me feel more confident about my tasks, enabling me to be more effective and efficient in the workplace. According to Chater and Litchfields study done on new graduate nurses who work in a neonatal unit at an Australian hospital, five themes: knowing, planning, support, fulfilment, adapting and being flexible can be utilized to help student nurses and new graduate nurses to better manage their clinical time (Chater Litchfield, 2007). Prioritizing is also necessary tool for effective time management. Nurses have to prioritize tasks on their route and finish tasks from high to low priority order (Waterworth, 2003). In addition, nurses should be careful of some priority setting traps. The first trap is whatever hits first which means a nurse responds to tasks that happen first instead of thinking twice and then responding. The second trap is the squeaky wheel, a patient who is able to gather the most attention from a nurse to hear his or her urgent request may not be the Page 2 one who is the most in need. The last trap is waiting for inspiration, nurses should not be wait to be inspirited to complete a task and they should actively think about what tasks have to be done while on unit (Vaccaro, 2001). In conclusion, I am now aware of theShow MoreRelatedReflection On Time Management1300 Words   |  6 PagesResEd Final Reflection In RE102 I learned a lot of valuable life skills in a wide variety of areas. We covered the important topics of communication, decision making, conflict resolution, time management, stress management, resumes, online self, healthy relationships, and sexual assault/consent. From general tips to the more serious issues such as sexual assault, this class has prepared me for many important life situations. 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Knowledge Reflection ........................................................................ 3 2. Individual Experiences on Strategic Management Reflection ............. 6 3. Future Expectations ........................................................................... 7 2 1. Knowledge Reflection Strategic Management is the spirit for a

Silver and Test Tube Free Essays

Copper-silver Nitrate Reaction Introduction In this experiment copper wire will be placed in a solution of silver nitrate. This single replacement reaction will produce a blue solution of copper II nitrate and solid silver. By weighing the reactants before the reaction, the mass of silver produced can be predicted. We will write a custom essay sample on Silver and Test Tube or any similar topic only for you Order Now This theoretical yield can be compared to the actual yield of silver. Purpose Students will compare the theoretical mass of silver with the actual mass of silver from the single replacement reaction between copper and silver nitrate. Materials Copper wire stirring rod 18 x 150 mm test tube silver nitrate, AgN0350 mL graduated cylinder distilled water 100 mL or 250 mL beaker Procedure Day 1 1 . Obtain a 30 cm length of bare copper wire, stirring rod, and 18 x 150 mm test tube. coll the copper wire by wrapping It around a glass-stirring rod. stretch the coiled wire until It Is about 2 cm longer than the test tube. Leave wire tightly coiled near one end and stretched out and straighten toward the other Weigh the wire and record it in the data table to the nearest 0. 01 grams. using weigh paper, weigh out about 1. 5 g of silver nitrate, AgN03. Record the measurement in data table to the nearest 0. 01 grams. (Caution: Be careful not to get any of the silver nitrate, solution or solid, on your skin or clothing. It will react with them. ) 3. Measure about 20 mL of distilled water In a graduated cylinder and pour It Into the test tube. Add the solid silver nitrate tothe water In the test tube. 4 Carefully move the stlrrl ng rod up and down to dissolve the crystals and mix the solution, Take great care not to poke a hole In the bottom of the test tube with the stirring rod. Rinse the stirring rod with a small amount ot distilled water into the test tube. Place the coiled wire in the silver nitrate solution with the closely coiled end at the bottom of the test tube. Set the test tube into a beaker. 6. Record observations during the next 15 minutes. 7. Set your labeled beaker in the designated area, allowing it to react overnight. Day 2 8. Weigh the 100 mL beaker. 9. Shake the crystals from the copper wire. using a wash bottle, rinse the wire Into he weighed 100 mL beaker. et the wire aside to dry. weigh the copper wire when How to cite Silver and Test Tube, Papers

Learning and Stress free essay sample

Describe how you can use operant conditioning principles to a) discontinue your undesired behavior and b) replace that behavior with the desirable behavior you identified. Since I was in middle school, I have always had the bad habit of biting my nails. In the past, I have attempted to stop. I have tried to get acrylic nails, but I just ended up biting those too. I even made it my New Year’s resolution one year. So far, nothing has been successful. I would like to take this opportunity to try and stop biting my nails once and for all. The textbook defines operant conditioning as ‘the process of modifying behavior through the use of positive or negative consequences following specific behaviors. It is based on the notion that behavior is a function of its consequences, which may be either positive or negative. The consequences of behavior are used to influence, or shape, behavior through three strategies: reinforcement, punishment, and extinction. ’ While studying at the University of South Carolina, I took Psychology 101. During that class, we learned about B. F. Skinner and the ‘Skinner box. They put animals in the box and taught them different behaviors that resulted in a reward. They learned to do these behaviors, which would usually be pulling a lever, when they were given a certain cue, such as a light going on or a sound going off. This is one of the biggest studies of operant conditioning that we learned about and this is how I remember operant conditioning. I plan to use operant conditioning to stop biting my nails by rewarding my self for each day I succeed at not biting my nails. Each day I am successful, I will add a dollar to my ‘manicure’ fund. Since a manicure costs around $14, if I am successful for 2 weeks, I will treat myself to a manicure. I typically bite my nails when I am stressed. I plan to bring a stress ball to work and class, and I will replace my nail biting with squeezing the ball. Each time I feel the urge to bite my nails, I will use the stress ball instead. 2. Describe how you can use goal setting to achieve the same behavioral change you described in #1. Be sure to remember to make your goal SMART (see text). My goal is to not bite my nails anymore. SMART stands for specific, measurable, attainable, realistic, and time-bound. My specific short-term goal is not bite my nails when I am stressed out for the next 2 weeks. I will measure my success at the end of each day. I will be successful if I succeed in not biting my nails for that specific day. I believe this is an attainable and realistic short-term goal. Since I have set the short-term goal for 2 weeks, this goal is time-bound. I will also measure my success on a daily basis. 3. Describe how you can use social learning theory to achieve the behavior change you describe in #1 Social learning occurs through the observation of other people and the modeling of their behavior. I believe that this would be difficult to do with my specific goal. Because my nail biting is a habit, I don’t typically think about it before I do it. However, when I do see other people biting their nails, it reminds me that it is something I would like to stop doing. To apply social learning, I could try and be more observant and look at other people’s nails. If their nails are longer and well groomed, this could be an indication they do not bite their nails. Because I would love to have longer, well-groomed nails, I could remember that I would like the obtain them when looked at other people’s nice nails. This could be a reminded not to bite my own. Now, use one or some combination of the performance management strategies you described to actually change your behavior. That’s right, select a strategy based on one or more of these approaches and do it. Describe what you did this week and later in the journal (at the very end) report on how successful you were in achieving the desired behavior change over the time remaining in the course (note: behavioral change generally takes some time, but you should be able to achieve at least some of your goal within the next six weeks). I will attempt to use the operant conditioning method to stop biting my nails. I will reward my self by adding a dollar to my ‘manicure’ fund for each day I am successful in not biting my nails. I will also plan to bring a stress ball to work and class. When I feel the urge to bite my nails, I will squeeze the stress ball instead. I will replace my nail biting habit with using the stress ball. During the first week, I earned 5 dollars. I slipped up and started to bite my nails during one of my classes. I didn’t even realize I was doing it for about 5 minutes. I also slipped up another day while doing homework. I was successful in bringing my stress ball with me to class and work, but did not find myself using it too often. I think I need to make more of an effort to take it out when I am at my desk or in class. After 19 days, I have earned the $14 I need treat myself to a manicure. Although it took me longer than I had hoped for, I am very proud of myself for completing my first goal. Now, I hope to continue with the system and treat myself to another manicure in 2 weeks. Although I would not consider this a complete success, I have certainly improved on biting my nails less than I did before this exercise. 4. What do you consider to be your most important source of stress? Based on what you read about how to cope with stress, what do you consider to be the best way to effectively cope with this source of stress? I feel that one of my most important sources for stress is currently time pressure and time management. Since I started the MBA program this semester, I have been attempting to balance my schoolwork with my job and my personal life. Sometimes it seems that there are just not enough hours in the day. I think that primary prevention would be the best option for me to manage my stress. The book says for time-management to consider improving planning and prioritizing my activities. I attempt to do this by keeping an organized planner with all of my assignments and appointments. I feel that I could improve by prioritizing my activities more than I currently do.

Effect Of Flextime On Work Life Balance Social Work Essay Essay Example

Effect Of Flextime On Work Life Balance Social Work Essay Paper The ( phrase ) Work-Life Balance was originated as a effect of the Family Friendly Policies that were introduced in the 1970s and 1980s in UK, chiefly as a keeping tool for adult females, and since so it has become a widespread construct. With this, they were for adult females and about adult females. To avoid the booby trap of being viewed as discriminatory and the demand to convey a more, across-the-board significance into these policies, they were renamed as work-life balance policies. Since the 1970 s, the UK Government has introduced several governmental alterations to beef up and to protect the rights of workers. In response to these alterations, demands from employees as besides from clients who want a larger concern window a big figure of organisations in the UK, have today introduced varied and advanced Work-life balance policies. The Government continues to play a cardinal function in guaranting that ( WLB ) continues to derive impulse through statute law, fiscal induceme nts and support and publicity of best patterns ( Milburn, 2003 ) . 2.1.1 What is Work-life Balance? We will write a custom essay sample on Effect Of Flextime On Work Life Balance Social Work Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Effect Of Flextime On Work Life Balance Social Work Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Effect Of Flextime On Work Life Balance Social Work Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Meanwhile, the definition of Work-life balance is about people holding a step of control over when, where and how they work ( DTI, 2003 ) . This is achieved when an person s right to a fulfilled life inside and outside paid work is accepted and respected as the norm, to the common benefit of the person, concern and society. work life balance emphasizes on the accommodation of working forms, and it focuses on the demand for everyone, irrespective of age, race or gender, to happen a gait ( that suits them ) to assist them unite work with other duties or aspirations. Work-Life Balance has an of import implicit in deduction that Work-Life Balance is for everyone, non merely for female parents or households and is critical in non merely developing policies but besides in reexamining them and their impact on employees ( Alexandra, 2003 ) , that s why the thought that employers should heighten flexibleness has been promoted late. Within the UK, The Prime Minister Tony Blair launched the Work-Life Balance run, in March 2000. The purpose of the run was in double. First, to convert employers of the economic benefits of work-life balance ( this was done by the employment of real-life instance surveies ) . Second, to convert employers of the demand for alteration ( DTI, 2003 ) . Work-life concerns are merely added to an organisation s package of patterns that are designed to profit competitory scheme to help attractive force and keeping in tight labour markets, cut down high degrees of absenteeism, and set up long-run relationships with employees based on committedness and productiveness. 2.1.2 The Need for a Work-life Balance As persons, are all expected to play multiple functions, i.e. employee, foreman, partner, parent, kid, sibling, friend, and community member. In bend, each of these functions imposes demands on us that necessitate clip, energy and committedness to carry through. The struggle of work-family or work-life happens when the cumulative demands of these many work and non-work life functions are miss-assorted in some regard so that engagement in one function is made more hard by engagement in the other function ( Duxbry and Higgins, 2001 ) . Duxbry and Higgins gestate work-life struggle to include countries such as, function overload ( RO ) ( holding excessively much to make and excessively small clip to make it in ) every bit good as function intervention ( when incompatible demands make it hard, if non impossible, for employees to execute all their functions good ) . Additionally, function intervention can be divided into two factors: household to work intervention ( FTW ) and work to household intervention ( WTF ) . With the first instance, intervention occurs when the functions and duties of the household impede the work related duties ( i.e. , a household unwellness prevents attending at work ; struggle at place makes concentration at work hard ) . With the latter instance ( WTF ) intervention occurs when work demands make it harder for an employee to carry through their household duties. 2.2 Background on Flexible Working Rights In April 2003 employees in the UK were foremost given the right to bespeak flexible working. In the modern work environment, the debut of these new rights helped to indicate up that traditional working forms could no longer be sustained by employers and that there was a demand to turn to the work/life balance. Organizations already confronting accomplishments shortages would happen enlisting and so keeping made harder if a more flexible attack to working forms was non adopted. 2.2.1 Suite of Rights The flexible working rights which were established were important in themselves, nevertheless, they formed portion of a new set of rights which sought to make a more family friendly work environment. Until April 2003, single parental rights were chiefly limited to pregnancy go forth for a new female parent giving her the right for a leave, the right for parents to take exigency clip off for dependents ( non merely limited to kids ) and to take up to 13 hebdomads parental leave, which had been introduced in December 1999. In April 2003, nevertheless, the following new rights were introduced: The right to pregnancy leave was extended well so that, for the first clip, all employees ( irrespective of their length of service ) were entitled to 26 hebdomads pregnancy leave and those with more than a twelvemonth s service acquired the right to 52 hebdomads pregnancy leave. Fathers besides gained rights, albeit limited to 2 hebdomads paternity leave, on the birth of their kid. Extraordinary new rights were given to those seeking to follow, with statutory acceptance leave and statutory paternity leave, giving rights reflecting pregnancy and paternity leave, for following parents. It is important ( and possibly indicates the extent to which this Government is acute to back up working parents ) that the following point on the flexible working docket, announced in 2004, is the possibility of leting flexible pregnancy leave between parents ; alternatively of merely a female parent holding the right to take up to 52 hebdomads pregnancy leave, there is the vision of some limited swapping of the right to maternity absence as between the female parent and male parent of the kid. Before these radical new rights in 2003, the ability of any employee to work flexibly or so part-time was really much limited to fortunes where an employer agreed through good will or good pattern to such an agreement. Before they existed, there were merely two fortunes where flexible working forms of any kind could be enforced: First, where an person was a handicapped employee and could show that some signifier of accommodation to their on the job hours or responsibilities and working agreements amounted to a sensible accommodation which their employer was thankful to do in conformity with the disablement favoritism. Second, and merely as a manner of disputing a refusal, female employees could reason that in regard of parttime working, a refusal to hold to parttime work was contrary to the sex favoritism. This is on the footing that it can be shown that a pattern within an organisation forbiding parttime working ( or so a pattern leting merely full-time working ) operates to the greater disadvantage of adult females than work forces and therefore falls within the construct of indirect sex favoritism. 2.2.2 Why was it implemented? The history that reflects the flexible working Torahs introduced in 2003 goes back a figure of old ages. In June 2001, the UK Government established a Task Force whose function was to see specifically the issues which working parents face ; in peculiar the Task Force was to see how to help parents in run intoing their desire for flexible working forms, whilst at the same clip staying compatible with the demand for concern efficiency and demands. The constitution of the Task Force was against the background of a voluntary run and Government support to promote employers and concerns to turn to work/life balance issues. In March 2000, the Prime Minister launched a run known as the Work/Life Balance Campaign with a position to carrying organisations to better the batch of working parents in such a manner as to nevertheless continue accomplishing concern and client demands. The original run was non in fact focused upon parents, but looked at all employees irrespective of whether they had caring duties or non. It was important, nevertheless, in acknowledging that the attitude, civilization and doctrine of workers had moved on well from the ambitious society of the 1980s and 1990s. Harmonizing to information from the Department of Trade and Industry, the Work/Life Balance Campaign was accompanied by a trial fund which, in the tally up to the debut of legislative demands and legal duties, encouraged employers to present and develop advanced working agreements. By assisting to fund consultancy support, undertakings were undertaken with work/life balance in head, including the debut of new working forms every bit good as specific enlisting undertakings. Over the three old ages from 2000 to 2003, the Work/Life Balance Challenge fund benefited employers to the amount of ?10.5 million. In its study on 19 November 2001, the Government Task Force made nine recommendations to the Government, many of which were translated to organize the footing of the new statute law. In add-on to the run and the recommendations of the Task Force, the Government had besides informed itself of the positions of the working population, through the issue of a green paper: Work and Parents: Competitiveness and Choice. This audience paper was issued in December 2000. The responses to the audience paper made clear that whilst bettering pregnancy and so paternity rights ( such as parental leave ) would be of benefit to working parents, by far the most popular and so important benefit was improved flexibleness to run into child care and work duties. Armed with these responses and the Task Force study About Flexible Working, the Government tabled parts of the Employment Act 2002 which resulted in execution of important new flexible working rights, implemented through an amendment to the Employment Rights Act 1996 and two sets of ordinances. Demographic Changes Demographic alterations have played a important function in affecting the demand for organisations to develop more varied and non-traditional working forms: With the ageing population, many more people are happening that they have caring duties such as looking after aged or handicapped relations. As we are all life longer, more persons are going disabled, harmonizing to the Employers Forum on Disability in UK. With the move off from extended households and as people become more nomadic, so they are non populating near to relations and parents, those with kids are less able to trust on grandparents or other relations to assist with kid attention duties. The per centum of adult females who have taken up employment has increased. The tendency for life anticipation, although different for work forces and adult females, has increased by approximately five old ages. The Business Case So much for the demographic alterations, but there are besides concern benefits for organisations which offer new or more flexible working agreements, peculiarly given the high accomplishments deficit in the UK and more older people who themselves are acute to work but may prefer or so necessitate more flexibleness. Employers may be surprised to cognize that for some persons the ability to work flexibly is more of import than the wage or benefits that a peculiar occupation may supply. In an on-line canvass carried out by Reed Recruitment in concurrence with the Department of Trade and Industry in UK as portion of its Work/Life Balance Campaign 2002, a 3rd of those polled ( out of 4,000 people ) expressed a penchant for holding the chance to work flexibly, instead than holding a ?1,000 wage rise ( Reed.co.uk ) . Over 43 % of the work forces who responded to the canvass selected flexible working as the benefit they would most look for in a new occupation, compared to 13 % who would look for a company auto, and 7 % who considered gym rank to be the precedence. Adopting household friendly and flexible working policies has the undermentioned advantages for employers: Retention of staff is the key to the stableness and cognition of the organisation. Knowledge is lost when person leaves and webs are broken. This can be critical in a little concern where major clients can travel elsewhere when an employee, who understands their demands and whom they trust, moves on to a rival. The typical enlisting costs of replacing an person have been estimated at an mean ?3,500, runing from ?1,000 for an unskilled manual worker to over ?5,000 for a professional employee. These costs do non take history of the investing made in preparation ( both formal and informal preparation ) which is lost if skilled employees leave the workplace, every bit good as lost clip and experience. Consequently, it makes commercial sense to seek and retain staff instead than enroll new staff ( Labor Turnover, Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development, October 2000 ) . Savingss in absenteeism. Absenteeism costs about ?500 per employee a twelvemonth. A one-fourth of employers rank place and household duties as one of the five chief causes of sickness absence. Employers that help their employees to equilibrate their work with their household lives see betterments in concern public presentation ( Cheibl, L. and Dex.S, 1998 ) . It enables concerns to profit from a greater part from the work force and maximizes the parts that working parents are able to do to their employers. Many employers observe benefits from flexible working and leave agreements including: improved employee satisfaction and motive improved keeping rates and enlisting benefits increased employee productiveness reduced labour turnover improved repute Reduced absenteeism. All of which provide improved concern consequences. After holding introduced the new rights for parents in 2003, a study was conducted and analysis of how successful the new rights have been within the UK ( Employment Relations Occasional Documents: Consequences of the First Flexible Working Employee Survey, Tom Palmer, Department of Trade and Industry ) . The result of that study demonstrated that one million parents had made petitions for flexible working. That is merely a one-fourth of those who are eligible, intending that three million who could hold made such a petition have non done so, portion of the principle behind that is the 52 % of parents who are eligible are incognizant in the first topographic point that they have the right to bespeak flexible working. And it significantly seems that employers when faced with such petitions do non hold any major trouble submiting them. 80 % of those employees bespeaking flexible working had their petition agreed. The Government has declared an purpose to widen these new rights beyond parents with kids under six. The fact that 10 % of employees without dependent kids were reported in the study to hold requested flexible working, suggests that there is a demand on the portion of persons without kids to derive this benefit. In organisations where petitions were made, despite that persons did non ever have the legal right, the grounds for the alteration were: 13 % quoted work life balance 11 % cited household duties 11 % merely because they wanted more free clip ( i.e. voluntary and non driven by child care or household force per unit areas ) 7 % because of travel agreements 7 % to run into the caring demands of relations or friends 6 % due to wellness jobs. As these statistics demonstrate, an organisation s ability to offer flexible working agreements provides a important benefit to an highly broad pool of existent or possible employees. What the study does non analyse is how many persons merely do non prosecute a petition. In the Equal Opportunity Commission s Annual Report for 2003-2004 ( available at www.eoc.org.uk ) four in 10 female parents, one in 10 male parents and one in five attention suppliers have left an organisation or refused a occupation because of caring duties. This suggests that there are many who do non hold assurance in their organisation s willingness to suit them. 2.2.3 What can be requested? The legislative petition for flexible working, which should be written and must be dated, can bespeak a fluctuation to the person s contract in one of the undermentioned ways: a alteration to the hours of work ; a alteration to the clip when the work is required ( for illustration, the same eight hr twenty-four hours but an early start and early coating ) ; a alteration to the topographic point of work as between place and topographic point of concern. The statutory commissariats do non travel beyond these reasonably focused and limited flexible agreements. Nothing within any of the commissariats appears to forestall the employee seeking a alteration to more than one of the above, for illustration to cut down hours and work from place. However, in this research we are aiming merely the 2nd proviso which is bespeaking a alteration to the clip when the work is required, that is called flextime, and its consequence on the work. 2.3 What other bookmans said: Work-family struggle is an inter-role struggle where occupation outlooks interfere with family-related duties ( Netemeyer, Brashearaˆ‘Alejandro, and Boles 2004 ) . Given the viing demands of work and life, it is unsurprising that many employees experience struggle between the two spheres. Work-life struggle can impact any employee but people with attention duties are more likely to endure most because of the greater demands on their clip. Research has tended to happen that female parents, peculiarly those with immature kids, are less satisfied with their work-life balance than other groups of workers ( Saltztein, Ting and Saltztein, 2001 ) . Consequences of work life struggle can be categorized into personal and organisational injuries. In the first topographic point, feelings of work-life struggle have been associated with, psychological and physical wellness jobs ; matrimonial and household relationship jobs, decreased life and occupation satisfaction and even impact kid development ( Evans and Steptoe 2002 ; Gornick and Meyers, 2003 ) . The effects of work-family struggle on organisational results have been good documented in the direction and psychological science literatures. Work- household struggle has damaging effects on productiveness and personal effectivity ( Gornick and Meyers, 2003 ) . It farther affects occupation satisfaction, employee keeping, and consequences in increased illness absence ( ODriscoll, Brough and Kalliath 2004 ) . Employers do recognize that employee emphasis is partly due to the challenges in equilibrating work and household ( Matusicky 2003 ) . Thus a good balance between work and household life has been said to profit employers, as it is linked to better life satisfaction and later to workers being more productive, originative and efficient ( Zelenski, Murphy and Jenkins 2008 ) . In a survey of over 700 houses in the US, UK, France and Germany ( referenced by the Executive Office of the President Council of Economic Advisers EOPCEA, 2010 ) research workers found a important positive relationship between work-life balance patterns and productivity.A A The research besides reported that houses with flexible work agreements driven by good direction besides tend to encompass flexible workplace patterns. Related to work-family struggle, individuality theory suggests persons possess certain life functions ( i.e. , work-family functions ) that may conflict, therefore making a spillover consequence ( Thoits 1991 ) . When function clang occurs, the more valued function ( i.e. , household ) takes precedency, and persons are likely to transfuse protective steps to safeguard valued functions against possible harm. Harmonizing to individuality theory, these defence mechanisms may be implemented at the hazard of abandoning the conflicting function ( i.e. , work ) ( Thoits 1991 ) . Consistent with this impression, a survey based in the retail gross revenues industry indicates that when salespeople brush struggle between two chief functions ( work and household ) , they tend to retreat from the less outstanding work function through higher turnover in order to keep the more valued household function ( Netemeyer, Brashearaˆ‘Alejandro, and Boles 2004 ) . Numerous surveies have demonstrated that employees who are dissatisfied with their occupations are more likely to prosecute in organisational aberrance behaviours such as working less difficult, absenteeism and company larceny ( Lau, Au, and Ho 2003 ) . A recent meta-analysis on the effects of ethical clime suggests that occupation dissatisfaction poses a important menace to organisations due to its escalating effects on dysfunctional behaviour ( Martin and Cullen 2006 ) . ( Drew, Humphreys and Murphy 2003 ) believes that a figure of factors might promote employers to follow policies to advance work-life balance. These include the concern instance for such constabularies such as a lower staff turnover, reduced absence and improved productiveness, every bit good as alterations in human resource direction and alterations in engineering that enhances chances for working from place. Another cardinal factor is increasing demand for greater flexibleness from employees. Some research consequences show positive impact of flextime on the work-family balance. Flextime workers with kids under the age of 18 study lower degrees of clip force per unit area and a higher degree of occupation and life satisfaction than make their non-flex opposite numbers ( Zuzanek 2000 ) . Flexible work hours are associated with more satisfaction with household life ( Jekielek 2003 ) and a decrease in sensed clip emphasis ( Tausig and Fenwick 2001 ) . Analysts Comfort, Johnson and Wallace ( 2003 ) besides found flextime to be related to increased occupation satisfaction, increased satisfaction with wage and benefits, and a decrease in paid ill yearss. All of these relationships appeared somewhat stronger for adult females. A research on flexible working in Ireland has found these agreements are more common in the populace than in the private sector and that, adult females make usage of them more often than work forces ( Drew, Humphreys and Murphy 2003 ) . Gender and the public/private sector differentiation are two cardinal factors in the analysis of the effects of flexible working. While another survey in Canada, reports over tierce of Canadian employees holding flextime agendas ( Comfort, Johnson and Wallace 2003 ) .The proportion of those who reported holding flextime agreements is higher among work forces than among adult females and is chiefly found in little constitutions, non-unionized scenes, low-skill businesss, retail and commercial industries. As this country of research is new to the Bahraini society, and as the flextime has been adopted by some organisations merely late, we need to measure some research that leads to a decision sing the being of a relationship between flextime, work life balance, and between the flextime and employees productiveness.

Converting Cubic Meters to Liters (m3 to L)

Converting Cubic Meters to Liters (m3 to L) Cubic meters and liters are two common metric units of volume. There are three typical ways to convert cubic meters (m3) to liters (L). The first method walks through all the math and helps explain why the other two work; the second completes an immediate volume conversion in a single step; the third method demonstrates just how many places to move the decimal point (no math required). Key Takeaways: Convert Cubic Meters to Liters Cubic meters and liters are two common metric units of volume.1 cubic meter is 1000 liters.The simplest way to convert cubic meters to liters is to move the decimal point three places to the right. In other words, multiply a value in cubic meters by 1000 to get the answer in liters.To convert liters to cubic meters, you simply need to move the decimal point three places to the left. In other words, divide a value in liters by 1000 to get an answer in cubic meters. Meters to Liters Problem Problem: How many liters are equal to 0.25 cubic meters? Method 1: How to Solve m3 to L The explanatory way to solve the problem is to first convert cubic meters into cubic centimeters. While you might think this is just a simple matter of moving the decimal point of 2 places, remember this is volume (three dimensions), not distance (two). Conversion factors needed 1 cm3 1 mL100 cm 1 m1000 mL 1 L First, convert cubic meters to cubic centimeters. 100 cm 1 m(100 cm)3 (1 m)31,000,000 cm3 1 m3since 1 cm3 1 mL1 m3 1,000,000 mL or 106 mL Next, set up the conversion so the desired unit will be cancelled out. In this case, we want L to be the remaining unit. volume in L (volume in m3) x (106 mL/1 m3) x (1 L/1000 mL)volume in L (0.25 m3) x (106 mL/1 m3) x (1 L/1000 mL)volume in L (0.25 m3) x (103 L/1 m3)volume in L 250 L Answer: There are 250 L in 0.25 cubic meters. Method 2: The Simplest Way The previous solution explains how expanding a unit to three dimensions affects the conversion factor. Once you know how it works, the simplest way to convert between cubic meters and liters is simply to multiply cubic meters by 1000 to get the answer in liters. 1 cubic meter 1000 liters so to solve for 0.25 cubic meters: Answer in Liters 0.25 m3 * (1000 L/m3)Answer in Liters 250 L Method 3: The No-Math Way Or, easiest of all, you could just move the decimal point 3 places to the right. If youre going the other way (liters to cubic meters), then you simply move the decimal point three places to the left. You dont have to break out the calculator or anything. Check Your Work There are two quick checks you can do to make sure you performed the calculation correctly. The value of the digits should be the same. If you see any numbers that werent there before (except zeros), you did the conversion incorrectly.1 liter 1 cubic meter. Remember, it takes a lot of liters to fill a cubic meter (a thousand). A liter is like a bottle of soda or milk, while a cubic meter is if you take a meter stick (approximately the same distance as how far apart your hands are when you stretch your arms out to your sides) and put it into three dimensions. When converting cubic meters to liters, the liters value should be a thousand times more. Its a good idea to report your answer using the same number of significant figures. In fact, not using the right number of significant digits may be considered a wrong answer!

Account for plagiarism in English speaking countries Essay

Account for plagiarism in English speaking countries - Essay Example Make no mistake that the quotation encourages plagiarism. On the contrary, it promotes everyone to be original in their ideas. But could this in reality be practiced especially in academic writing? This may be ideal in fictional writing but academic writing profusely begs to differ. Being novel in every idea and thought without having been influenced by anyone else is something next to impossible particularly in this day and time when almost everything has been a derivative of another. The need to cite is an important part of academic writing. In order to provide a comprehensive and logical argument to support a thesis, the writer must be able to learn the value of researching pertinent materials from authoritative sources that offer information. These people have dedicated a great amount of time in their accumulated mastery base on derived facts. They serve a foundation or inspiration that catapults an idea into its shape which could either strengthen it or show its weaknesses. Thus , â€Å"A writer plagiarises when he or she presents another writer’s unique work as a product of his or her own knowledge and/or imagination† (Johns and Keller, 2005, p.1). This has become a prevalent problem especially in the four corners of educational institutions. Plagiarism has been on the rise due to societal pressures, poor time management and the internet. Societal pressures play a major role in enticing students to plagiarise. A great number of students feel justified in plagiarising because they feel the additional pressures imposed by teachers without much help makes completing assignments adequately impossible (Sterngold, 2004). Often, a student may be required to finish an assignment or something like a major requirement such as a term paper in more than one subject simultaneously. The need to finish by the set deadlines provokes them to make the wrong choices. These papers could make or break their grades and instead of failing to turn in an output, they would rather plagiarise in the hopes that they could get away with it. This is a habit that is shared by many students where they all know what each other is up to but there is a standing consensus to keep mum about it and go with the pack. Teachers, on their part, have different approaches to how they treat plagiarism. There are those who react indifferently especially in the lower level, giving the students a sense of impunity that they have become desensitized to knowing the difference. Then there are those who approach it with utter severity that they implement a strict regulation through verbatim analysis. This happens even without the teacher clearly setting forth the criteria and the measures on how to properly acknowledge a source. This generates hostility in students who demand justification (Hayes and Introna, 2005). Entering the university is an important goal for students who have been inculcated with the indispensability of tertiary education by their parents. Earning a bachelor’s degree, preferably in a refutable university, is the ultimate dream that parents have for their children. Among the reasons found by Devlin and Gray in their study why students plagiarise is ‘pressures,’ this they elaborate take many forms such as time, stress, family and societal such that one student remarks, â€Å"Parents nowadays expect their children to go to uni, whether they [i.e. the child] want to or not† (2007, n.p.). They are in turn pressured to fulfil their parent’s wishes and pressure themselves to avoid disappointing their family since parents see it a reflection of their parenting if their children fail to enter a university (ibid). Time management is an insistent problem that everyone has to face. In the urban jungle

Philosophy about Personal Worldview Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Philosophy about Personal Worldview - Essay Example My view of personhood with us as constructs made as models of God, not separated from the divine, it assists in developing a type of leadership that is supportive and caring. There is a concept in management called transformational leadership where the individual leads by inspiration, charisma, as a teacher and one who tries to gain loyalty. This is my preferred leadership style as it satisfies many of the rights versus wrong concepts laid out by the divine in many holy texts, but also helps develop others to have these same characteristics that the divine would find acceptable. By being a role model that inspires others, I believe I not only improve my standing with the divine but provide a lasting impact on human history by changing minds in the community.   Deming (2002) says that 85 percent of all failures in business are due to management incompetence or failure to lead. This is a profound statement that would seem to justify the need for transformational to ensure loyalty is gained by others so that the organization can thrive as a system of interdependent individuals. Loyalty is gained through these practical and fair behaviors of treatment toward others. It would seem, to me, that a business leader must abandon some of their self-serving, political objectives in favor of assisting and developing others in order to have a successful organization.This might be, in my opinion, and based on theory, the best way to ensure that the organization does not experience significant failures stemming from a single individual.   ... w is a commitment, a fundamental orientation of the heart, that can be expressed in a set of suppositions (either true or false), that we hold about reality† (Sire, 2009, p.20). Thus, my somewhat unjustified view of death and some other elements of the reality of God and the universe are supported by Sire (2009) who illustrates that worldview can be based on fiction. However, after spending many years trying to consider the realities of death and life, it seems that my worldview is, at least, logical based on the seemingly arbitrary attitude of God about the constant instances of death across the world. I believe it is because of the joy of his re-emergence in society that it is possible, as mentioned by Sire, to know nothing at all. There is a saying in community that God works in mysterious ways and it would certainly seem so. Those who look at the world and see heartlessness, selfishness and other hardships could certainly be justified, if they have faith in the divine, to s uggest that God is indifferent and, perhaps, even a bit callous to allow these situations to occur. However, I believe that the depth of his purpose will ultimately be revealed to all of humanity so that everyone with a mind to discern and a heart to feel will understand its constructs and ultimate intentions. Thus, my worldview is one of hope in the midst of the insensible and irrational in which divinity will ultimately provide for those who find a place for him in their hearts and try to abide by his precepts. We learn right and wrong from religious doctrine and thus we are free-minded, autonomous beings given the chance as to compliance or to disobedience that will determine our long-term fate in destiny and as a part of the broader universe. This is my understanding of personhood as it

Electric Filed Strength And Electric Flux Density

Electric Filed Strength And Electric Flux Density All bodies are made up of atoms, which consist of a nucleus containing protons (+ve) and neutrons (neutral) and surrounding the nucleus are orbiting electrons (-ve). When a body is uncharged it is electrically neutral, it has the same negative charge as positive charge. If a conductor had a deficit of electrons it would exhibit a net positive charge and if it was to have a surplus of electrons it would exhibit a net negative charge (remember the previous study of the atom reference +ve/-ve ions). An imbalance in charge can be produced by friction (removing or depositing electrons using materials such as silk and fur, respectively) or induction (by attracting or repelling electrons using a second body which is, respectively, positively or negatively charged). Coulombs Law states that if charged bodies exist at two points, the force of attraction (if the charges are of opposite polarity) or repulsion (if the charges have the same polarity) will be proportional to the product of the magnitude of the charges divided by the square of their distance apart. Thus: + + + Direct Inverse Proportionality Maths Q1 and Q2 are the charges present at the two points (in Coulombs), d is the distance separating the two points (in metres), F is the force (in Newtons), and k is a mathematical constant depending upon the medium in which the charges exist. In a vacuum or free space, ÃŽÂ µ0 is the permittivity of free space (8.854 x 10-12 F/m Farad per meter). The force exerted on a charged particle is a manifestation of the existence of an electric field. The electric field defines the direction and magnitude of a force on a charged object. The field itself is invisible to the human eye but can be drawn by constructing lines which indicate the motion of a free positive charge within the field; the number of field lines in a particular region being used to indicate the relative strength of the field at the point in question. The figure above shows the electric fields between charges of the same and opposite polarity. The figure below shows the field which exists between two charged parallel plates. B A As illustrated above, plates A and B are doped and charged to different potentials. If an electron that has a negative charge is placed between the plates, a force will act on the electron tending to push it away from the negative plate B and towards the positive plate A. Similarly, a positive charge would be acted on by a force tending to move it toward the negative plate. The region between the plates in which an electric charge experiences a force, is called an electrostatic field. The direction of the field is defined by the force acting on a positive charge placed in the field, i.e. the direction of the force is from the positive plate to the negative plate. Such a field may be represented in magnitude and direction by lines of electric force drawn between the charged surfaces. The closeness of the lines is an indication of the field strength. Whenever a p.d. is established between two points, an electric field will always exist. The figure above shows two parallel conducting plates separated from each other by air, and are connected to opposite terminals of a battery of voltage V volts. There is therefore an electric field in the space between the plates. If the plates are close together, the electric lines of force will be straight and parallel and equally spaced, except near the edge where fringing will occur (see previous figure). Over the area in which there is negligible fringing, E is the electric field strength (V/m), V is the applied potential difference across the parallel plates (V) and d is the distance (m). **Note: Electric Field Strength is also called Potential/Voltage Gradient. A unit electric flux is defined as emanating from a positive charge of 1 coulomb. Thus electric flux à Ã‹â€  is measured in coulombs, and for a charge of Q coulombs, the electric flux à Ã‹â€  is equal to Q coulombs. Electric flux density D is the amount of flux passing through a defined area A that is perpendicular to the direction of the flux: à Ã‹â€  is the electric flux measured in coulombs, Q is the electric charge also measured in coulombs, and A is the area in m2 over which the flux is distributed. Problem 1: Two parallel rectangular plates measuring 20cm by 40cm carry an electric charge of 0.2  µC. (a) Calculate the electric  ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ux density. (b) If the plates are spaced 5mm apart and the voltage between them is 0.25 kV determine the electric field strength. Solution 1: PERMITTIVITY At any point in an electric field, the electric field strength E maintains the electric flux and produces a particular value of electric flux density D at that point. For a field established in vacuum (or for practical purposes in air), the ratio D/E is a constant ÃŽÂ µ0, i.e. ÃŽÂ µ0 is called the permittivity of free space or the free space constant. The value of ÃŽÂ µ0 is 8.854 x 10-12 F/m Farad per meter. When a dielectric (i.e. insulating medium separating charged surfaces), such as mica, paper, plastic or ceramic is introduced into the region of an electric field, the ratio of D/E is modified. ÃŽÂ µr is called the relative permittivity of the insulating material and indicates its insulating power compared with that of vacuum. ÃŽÂ µr has no units and typical properties of some common insulating dielectric materials are shown below. The product of ÃŽÂ µ0 ÃŽÂ µr is called the absolute permittivity, ÃŽÂ µ, i.e. As discussed earlier, the dielectric is an insulating medium separating charged surfaces and has the property of very high resistivity. They are therefore used to separate conductors at different potentials, such as capacitor plates or electric power lines. The dielectric strength of an insulating dielectric is the maximum electric field strength that can safely be applied to it before breakdown (conduction) occurs. The amount of charge produced for a given applied voltage on the two parallel plates shown earlier will depend not only on the physical dimensions but also on the insulating dielectric material that appears between the plates. Such materials need to have a very high value of resistivity (i.e. they must not conduct charge) coupled with an ability to withstand high voltages without breaking down. A more practical arrangement of parallel plates with an insulating dielectric material is shown. In this arrangement the ratio of charge, Q, to the potential difference, V, is given by the following relationship. A = area of one on the plates, in m2 D = thickness of the dielectric in m ÃŽÂ µ = absolute permittivity of the dielectric material *Later learning, i.e. the parallel plate capacitor/capacitance and physical dimensions. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ single pair of plates à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ arrangement of n plates Problem 1: The  ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ux density between two plates separated by mica of relative permittivity 5 is 2 µC/m2. Find the voltage gradient between the plates. Solution 1: Problem 2: Two parallel plates having a p.d. of 200V between them are spaced 0.8mm apart. What is the electric  ¬Ã‚ eld strength? Find also the electric  ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ux density when the dielectric between the plates is (a) air, and (b) polythene of relative permittivity 2.3 Solution 2: SELF ASSESSMENT (1-2) NOTE: Where appropriate take ÃŽÂ µ0 as 8.85 x 10-12 F/m A capacitor uses a dielectric 0.04mm thick and operates at 30V. What is the electric field strength across the dielectric at this voltage? [Answer: 750kV/m] A two-plate capacitor has a charge of 25C. If the effective area of each plate is 5cm2 determine the electric  ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ux density of the electric field. [Answer: 50 kC/m2] A charge of 1.5 µC is carried on two parallel rectangular plates each measuring 60mm by 80mm. (a) Calculate the electric  ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ux density. (b) If the plates are spaced 10mm apart and the voltage between them is 0.5kV determine the electric  ¬Ã‚ eld strength. [Answer: (a) 312.5 µC/m2, (b) 50kV/m] Two parallel plates are separated by a dielectric and charged with 10 µC. Given that the area of each plate is 50cm2, calculate the electric  ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ux density in the dielectric separating the plates. [Answer: 2mC/m2] The electric  ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ux density between two plates separated by polystyrene of relative permittivity 2.5 is 5 µC/m2. Find the voltage gradient between the plates. [Answer: 226kV/m] Two parallel plates having a p.d. of 250V between them are spaced 1mm apart. (a) Determine the electric  ¬Ã‚ eld strength. (b) Find also the electric  ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ux density when the dielectric between the plates is (i) air and (ii) mica of relative permittivity 5. [Answer: (a) 250kV/m (bi) 2.213 µC/m2 (bii) 11.063 µC/m2] CAPACITORS CAPACITANCE A capacitor is a device for storing electric charge. In effect, it is a reservoir into which charge can be deposited and then later extracted. In its simplest form a capacitor consists of two parallel metal plates which are separated by an insulating material known as a dielectric. C:Documents and SettingsHarveyMy DocumentsMy PicturesPicturePicture 028.jpg Because of the dielectric, current cannot flow from one plate to the other. When the capacitor is connected to a dc source, electrons accumulate on the plate connected to the negative supply terminal. The negative charge repels electrons from the atoms of the other plate. These electrons flow away to the positive terminal of the dc source; this leaves the plate positively charged. C:Documents and SettingsHarveyMy DocumentsMy PicturesPicturePicture 032.jpg If the capacitor is disconnected from the supply, the charges remain. The capacitor stores the electric charge indefinitely. The symbols for a fixed capacitor and a variable capacitor used in electrical circuit diagrams are shown below. Typical applications include reservoir and smoothing capacitors for use in power supplies, coupling a.c. signals between the stages of amplifiers, and decoupling supply rails (i.e. effectively grounding the supply rails as far as a.c. signals are concerned). The following figures illustrate what happens to a capacitor when it is charging and discharging. If the switch is left open (position A), no charge will appear on the plates and in this condition there will be no electric field in the space between the plates nor will there be any charge stored in the capacitor. When the switch is moved to position B, electrons will be attracted from the positive plate to the positive terminal of the battery. At the same time, a similar number of electrons will move from the negative terminal of the battery to the negative plate. This sudden movement of electrons will manifest itself in a momentary surge of current (conventional current will flow from the positive terminal of the battery towards the positive terminal of the capacitor). Eventually, enough electrons will have moved to make the e.m.f. between the plates the same as that of the battery. In this state, the capacitor is said to be fully charged and an electric field will be present in the space between the two plates. If, at some later time the switch is moved back to position A, the positive plate will be left with a deficiency of electrons whilst the negative plate will be left with a surplus of electrons. Furthermore, since there is no path for current to flow between the two plates the capacitor will remain charged and a potential difference will be maintained between the plates. Now assume that the switch is moved to position C. The excess electrons on the negative plate will flow through the resistor to the positive plate until a neutral state once again exists (i.e. until there is no excess charge on either plate). In this state the capacitor is said to be fully discharged and the electric field between the plates will rapidly collapse. The movement of electrons during the discharging of the capacitor will again result in a momentary surge of current (current will flow from the positive terminal of the capacitor and into the resistor). The figure below shows the direction of current flow during charging (i.e. the switch in position B) and discharging (i.e. the switch in position C). It should be noted that current flows momentarily in both circuits even though you may think that the circuit is broken by the gap between the capacitor plates! The charge Q (in coulombs) stored in a capacitor is given by: I is the current in amperes and t is the time in seconds. Charge Q on a capacitor is proportional to the applied voltage V, i.e. Q V. Direct Inverse Proportionality Maths Q = CV The constant of proportionality C is the capacitance. The unit of capacitance C is the farad F (or more usually  µF =10-6F or pF =10-12F), and is defined as the capacitance when a p.d. of one volt appears across the plates when charged with one coulomb. Capacitance is the ability of a circuit or object (i.e. in this case a capacitor) to store electric charge. Problem 1: (a) Determine the p.d. across a 4  µF capacitor when charged with 5 mC (b) Find the charge on a 50 pF capacitor when the voltage applied to it is 2 kV. Solution 1: Problem 2: A direct current of 4A flows into a previously uncharged 20  µF capacitor for 3 ms. Determine the p.d. between the plates. Solution 2: Problem 3: A 5 µF capacitor is charged so that the p.d. between its plates is 800V. Calculate how long the capacitor can provide an average discharge current of 2 mA. Solution 3: SELF ASSESSMENT (3) Find the charge on a 10  µF capacitor when the applied voltage is 250 V. (Answer: 2.5 mC) Determine the voltage across a 1000à Ã‚ F capacitor to charge it with 2  µC. (Answer: 2 kV) The charge on the plates of a capacitor is 6 mC when the potential between them is 2.4 kV. Determine the capacitance of the capacitor. (Answer: 2.5  µF) For how long must a charging current of 2 A be fed to a 5  µF capacitor to raise the p.d. between its plates by 500V. (Answer: 1.25 ms) A direct current of 10 A flows into a previously uncharged 5  µF capacitor for 1 ms. Determine the p.d. between the plates. (Answer: 2 kV) A 16  µF capacitor is charged at a constant current of 4  µA for 2 minutes. Determine the final p.d. across the capacitor and the corresponding charge in coulombs. (Answer: 30V, 480  µC) A steady current of 10 A flows into a previously uncharged capacitor for 1.5 ms when the p.d. between the plates is 2 kV. Find the capacitance of the capacitor. (Answer: 7.5 µF) CAPACITANCE AND PHYSICAL DIMENSIONS (Conventional Parallel Plate Capacitor) The capacitance of a capacitor depends upon the physical dimensions of the capacitor (i.e. the size of the plates and the separation between them) and the dielectric material between the plates. The capacitance of a conventional parallel plate capacitor is given by: Where, C = Capacitance, unit of measure farads (F) ÃŽÂ µ0 = Permittivity of free space or the free space constant (8.85 x 10-12 F/m) ÃŽÂ µr = Relative permittivity of the dielectric medium between the plates (ÃŽÂ µr has no units as it is a ratio of density material/vacuum) A = Area of one of the plates (m2) d = Thickness of the dielectric or separation between the plates (m) In order to increase the capacitance of a capacitor, many practical components employ multiple plates as shown. Ten plates are shown, forming nine capacitors with a capacitance nine times that of one pair of plates. Such an arrangement has n plates then capacitance C à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‚  (n -1). Thus capacitance is then given by: Problem 1: A ceramic capacitor has an effective plate area of 4cm2 and separated by 0.1 mm of ceramic of relative permittivity 100. Calculate the capacitance of the capacitor in picofarads (à Ã‚ F). If the capacitor in part (a) is given a charge of 1.2 µC what will be the p.d. between the plates? Solution 1: Problem 2: A waxed paper capacitor has two parallel plates, each of effective area 800 cm2. If the capacitance of the capacitor is 4425 pF determine the effective thickness of the paper if its relative permittivity is 2.5. Solution 2: Problem 3: A parallel plate capacitor has nineteen interleaved plates each 75 mm by 75 mm and separated by mica sheets 0.2 mm thick. Assuming that the relative permittivity of the mica is 5, calculate the capacitance of the capacitor. Solution 3: n = 19, thus (n 1) = 18 A = 75 x 75 = 5625mm2 ÃŽÂ µr = 5, ÃŽÂ µ0 = 8.85 x 10-12 F/m d = 0.2mm = 0.2 x 10-3m SELF ASSESSMENT (4) ** Where appropriate take ÃŽÂ µ0 as 8.85 x 10-12 F/m. A capacitor consists of two parallel plates each of area 0.01 m2, spaced 0.1 mm in air. Calculate the capacitance in picofarads (pF). [Answer: 885 pF] A waxed paper capacitor has two parallel plates, each of effective area 0.2m2. If the capacitance is 4000 pF determine the effective thickness of the paper if its relative permittivity is 2. [Answer: 0.885 mm] Calculate the capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor having 5 plates, each 30 mm by 20 mm and separated by a dielectric 0.75 mm thick having a relative permittivity of 2.3. [Answer: 65.14 pF] How many plates does a parallel plate capacitor have if its capacitance is 5nF, each plate is 40mm by 40mm and each dielectric is 0.102mm thick with a relative permittivity of 6? [Answer: 7] A parallel plate capacitor is made from 25 plates, each 70mm by 120mm interleaved with mica of relative permittivity 5. If the capacitance of the capacitor is 3000pF determine the thickness of the mica sheet. [Answer: 2.97mm] The capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor is 1000pF. It has 19 plates, each 50mm by 30mm separated by a dielectric of thickness 0.40mm. Determine the relative permittivity of the dielectric. [Answer: 1.67] CAPACITORS CONNECTED IN PARALLEL AND SERIES CAPACITORS CONNECTED IN PARALLEL The figure above shows three capacitors, C1, C2 and C3 connected in parallel with a supply voltage V applied across the arrangement. (Note: just like resistors in parallel, the supply voltage V is the same across each parallel capacitor) V = V1 = V2 = V3 When the charging current I reaches point A it divides, some flowing into C1, some flowing into C2 and some into C3. Hence the total charge QT (i.e. QT= I x t) is divided between the three capacitors. The capacitors each store a charge and these are shown as Q1, Q2 and Q3 respectively. Hence, But, QT=CV (where C is the total equivalent circuit capacitance) And, Q1=C1V Q2=C2V Q3=C3V Therefore, CV = C1V + C2V + C3V (where C is the total equivalent circuit capacitance) Dividing throughout by the common V giving, C = C1 + C2 + C3 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. + Cn The equivalent capacitance of a group of parallel connected capacitors is the sum of the capacitances of the individual capacitors. CAPACITORS CONNECTED IN SERIES The figure above shows three capacitors, C1, C2 and C3 connected in series across a supply voltage V. Let the p.d. across the individual capacitors be V1, V2 and V3 respectively as shown. Let the charge on the plate a of the capacitor C1 be +Q coulombs. This induces and equal but opposite charge of -Q coulombs on plate b. The conductor between plates b and c is electrically isolated from the rest of the circuit so that an equal but opposite charge of +Q coulombs must appear on plate c, which, in turn, induces an equal and opposite charge of -Q coulombs on plate d, and so on. Hence when capacitors are connected in series the charge on each is the same. QT = Q1 = Q2 = Q3 In a series circuit: V = V1 + V2 + V3 (Similar to resistors in series) Since, then (where C is the total equivalent circuit capacitance) Dividing throughout by the common Q giving, (Where C is the total equivalent circuit capacitance) For series connected capacitors, the reciprocal of the equivalent capacitance is equal to the sum of the reciprocals of the individual capacitance. For special case of two capacitors in series, Hence, i.e. Problem 1: Calculate the equivalent capacitance of two capacitors of 6ÃŽÂ ¼F and 4ÃŽÂ ¼F connected in (a) Parallel (b) Series. Solution 1: Problem 2: What capacitance must be connected in series with a 30ÃŽÂ ¼F capacitor for the equivalent capacitance to be 12ÃŽÂ ¼F? Solution 2: Problem 3: Capacitances of 1ÃŽÂ ¼F, 3ÃŽÂ ¼F, 5ÃŽÂ ¼F and 6ÃŽÂ ¼F are connected in parallel to a direct voltage supply of 100V. Determine (a) the equivalent circuit capacitance, (b) the total charge and (c) the charge on each capacitor. Solution 3: Problem 4: Capacitances of 3ÃŽÂ ¼F, 6ÃŽÂ ¼F and 12ÃŽÂ ¼F are connected in series across a 350V supply. Calculate (a) the equivalent circuit capacitance, (b) the charge on each capacitor, and (c) the p.d. across each capacitor. Solution 4: Problem 5: For the arrangement shown, find (a) the equivalent capacitance of the circuit, (b) the voltage across QR and (c) The charge on each capacitor. Solution 5: SELF ASSESSMENT (5) Capacitors of 2 µF and 6 µF are connected (a) in parallel and (b) in series. Determine the equivalent capacitance in each case. [Answers: (a) 8ÃŽÂ ¼F (b) 1.5ÃŽÂ ¼F] Find the capacitance to be connected in series with a 10 µF capacitor for the equivalent capacitance to be 6 µF. [Answer: 15ÃŽÂ ¼F] What value of capacitance would be obtained if capacitors of 0.15 µF and 0.10 µF are connected in (a) series and (b) parallel? [Answers: (a) 0.06ÃŽÂ ¼F (b) 0.25ÃŽÂ ¼F] Two 6 µF capacitors are connected in series with one having a capacitance of 12 µF. Find the total equivalent circuit capacitance. What capacitance must be added in series to obtain a capacitance of 1.2 µF? [Answers: (a) 2.4ÃŽÂ ¼F (b) 2.4ÃŽÂ ¼F] For the arrangement shown below, find (a) the equivalent circuit capacitance and (b) the voltage across a 4.5ÃŽÂ ¼F capacitor. [Answers: (a) 1.2ÃŽÂ ¼F (b) 100V] Three 12 µF capacitors are connected in series across a 750V supply. Calculate (a) the equivalent capacitance, (b) the charge on each capacitor and (c) the p.d. across each capacitor. [Answers: (a) 4 µF (b) 3mC (c) 250V] If two capacitors having capacitances of 3 µF and 5 µF respectively are connected in series across a 240V supply, determine (a) the p.d. across each capacitor and (b) the charge on each capacitor. [Answers: (a) 150V, 90V (b) 0.45 mC on each] Capacitances of 4 µF, 8 µF and 16 µF are connected in parallel across a 200V supply. Determine (a) the equivalent capacitance, (b) the total charge and (c) the charge on each capacitor. [Answers: (a) 28  µF (b) 5.6mC (c) 0.8mC, 1.6mC, 3.2mC] DIELECTRIC STRENGTH The maximum safe working voltage is the maximum voltage that can be applied to the terminals of a capacitor without causing damage to the capacitor. The manufacturer specifies this voltage. The limit is necessary so that the field strength in the dielectric does not exceed a value that would cause the dielectric to breakdown and loose its insulating properties. The figure quoted by the manufacturer for a capacitor is also known as the dielectric strength and will be in volts per metre. E is the dielectric strength (V/m), V is the applied potential difference across the parallel plates (V) and d is the distance (m). **Note: Equation identical to Electric Field Strength (Potential/Voltage Gradient). Problem1: A capacitor is to be constructed so that its capacitance is 0.2 µF and to take a p.d. of 1.25kV across its terminals. The dielectric is to be mica and has a dielectric strength of 50MV/m. Find (a) the thickness of the mica needed, and (b) the area of a plate assuming a two-plate construction. (Assume ÃŽÂ µr for mica to be 6). Solution 1: ENERGY STORED IN CAPACITORS The energy, W, stored by a capacitor is given by, Where, W is the energy (in Joules), C is the capacitance (in Farads), and V is the potential difference (in Volts). Problem 1: (a) Determine the energy stored in a 3 µF capacitor when charged to 400V. (b) Find also the average power developed if this energy is dissipated in a time of 10 µs. Solution 1: Problem 2: A 12 µF capacitor is required to store 4J of energy. Find the p.d. to which the capacitor must be charged. Solution 2: Problem 3: A capacitor is charged with 10mC. If the energy stored is 1.2J, determine (a) the voltage and (b) the capacitance. Solution 3: SELF ASSESSMENT (6) ** Where appropriate take ÃŽÂ µ0 as 8.85 x 10-12 F/m. When a capacitor is connected across a 200V supply the charge is 4 µC. Find (a) the capacitance and (b) the energy stored. [Answer: (a) 0.02 µF (b) 0.4mJ] Find the energy stored in a 10 µF capacitor when charged to 2kV. [Answer: 20 J] A 3300pF capacitor is required to store 0.5mJ of energy. Find the p.d. to which the capacitor must be charged. [Answer: 550 V] A capacitor is charged with 8mC. If the energy stored is 0.4J, determine (a) the voltage and (b) the capacitance. [Answer: (a) 100V (b) 80  µF] A capacitor, consisting of two metal plates each of area 50 cm2 and spaced 0.2mm apart in air, is connected across a 120V supply. Calculate (a) the energy stored (b) the electric  ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ux density and (c) the potential gradient (i.e. electric field strength). [Answer: (a) 1.593 µJ (b) 5.31 µC/m2 (c) 600kV/m] D.C TRANSIENTS Networks of capacitors and resistors (known as C-R circuits) form the basis of many timing and pulse shaping circuits and are thus often found in practical electronic circuits. When a d.c. voltage is applied to a capacitor C and resistor R connected in series, there is a short period of time immediately after when the voltage is connected that the current flowing in the circuit and voltages across C and R are changing. These changing values are called transients. CHARGING A CAPACITOR The figure above shows a series connected C-R circuit. When the switch S is closed, then by Kirchhoffs valotage law: V = Vc + VR The battery voltage V is constant. The capacitor voltage Vc is given by, The voltage drop across R (i.e. VR) is given by, Hence at all times: At the instant of closing S (i.e. initial circuit condition), assuming there is no initial charge on the capacitor, Q is zero (i.e. Q0), hence Vc is zero (i.e. VC0). (Note: From equation Vc = Q / C). Thus from equation V = Vc + VR, V = 0 + VR (i.e. V = VR = IR) A short time later at time T1 seconds after closing S, the capacitor is partly charged to, say, Q1 coulombs because current has been flowing. The voltage VC1 is now, If the current flowing is I1 amperes, then the voltage drop across R has fallen to VR1 = I1R volts. Thus from equation V = Vc + VR A short time later still, say at time T2 seconds after closing S, the charge has increased to Q2 coulombs and VC has increased to, Since V = VC + VR and V is a constant, then VR decreases to I2R. Thus VC is increasing and I and VR are decreasing as time increases. Ultimately, a few seconds after closing S (i.e. at the final or steady state condition), the capacitor is fully charged to, say Q coulombs, current no longer flows, i.e. I = 0, and hence VR = IR = 0. It follows from equation V = Vc + VR that V = VC. Curves showing the changes in VC, VR and I with time are shown below. The curve showing the variation of VC with time is called an exponential growth curve and the graph is called the capacitor voltage / time characteristic. The curves showing variations of VR and I with time are called exponential decay curves, and the graphs are called resistor voltage / time and current / time characteristics respectively. The name exponential shows that the shape can be expressed mathematically by an exponential mathematical equation, as shown below. Growth of capacitor voltage, Decay of resistor voltage, Decay of resistor current, TIME CONSTANT (à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ TAU) FOR A C-R CIRCUIT As shown earlier, if a constant d.c. voltage is applied to a series connected C-R circuit, a exponential transient growth curve of capacitor voltage VC results as shown below. With reference to the figure below, the constant voltage supply is replaced by a variable voltage supply at time t1 seconds. The voltage is varied so that the current flowing in the circuit is constant. Since the current flowing is a constant, the curve will follow a tangent, AB, drawn to the curve at point A. Let the capacitor voltage VC reach its final value of V at time t2 seconds. The time corresponding to (t2-t1) seconds is called the time constant of the circuit, denoted by the Greek letter tau, à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾. The value of the time constant is CR seconds, i.e. for a series connected C-R circuit, (seconds) Where C is capacitance (F), R is the resistance (à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦) and à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ is the time constant (s) DISCHARGING A CAPACITOR When a capacitor is charged (i.e. with the switch in position A), and the switch is then moved to position B, the electrons stored in the capacitor keep the current flowing for a short time. Initially, at the instant of moving from A to B, the current flow is such that the capacitor voltage VC is balanced by equal and opposite voltage (Kirchhoffs 2nd law), i.e. VC = VR = IR. Finally the transients decay exponentially as current is reduced to zero, i.e. VC = VR = 0. The transient curve representing the voltages and current are shown below. The equations representing the transient curves during discharge period of a series connected C-R circuit are: Decay of voltage, Decay of current, When a capacitor has been disconnected from the supply it may still be charged and it may retain this charge for some considerable time. Thus precautions must be taken to ensure that the capacitor is automatically discharged after the supply is switched off. This is done by connecting a high value resistor across the capacitor terminals. Problem 1: A capacitor is charg